Weight loss thresholds to detect early hypernatremia in newborns / Limites de perda de peso para detecção de hipernatremia precoce em recém-nascidos

ABSTRACT Objective: The literature indicates a single universal cut-off point for weight loss after birth for the risk of hypernatremia, without considering other factors. The aim of this study was to construct and internally validate cut-off points for the percentage weight loss associated with the risk of hypernatremia, taking into account risk factors. Methods: A prospective study with a three-day follow-up was conducted in 165 neonates with a gestational age ≥35 weeks. The main outcome variable was mild or moderate hypernatremia (serum sodium ≥ 145 mmol/L). Secondary variables (risk factors) were maternal and infant variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to predict hypernatremia, obtaining its probability and the optimal discriminant cut-off point for hypernatremia (receiver operating characteristic analysis). Based on this point, threshold weight loss values were obtained according to the other variables. These values were internally validated by bootstrapping. Results: There were 51 cases (30.9%) of hypernatremia. The mean percentage weight loss for hypernatremic infants was 8.6% and 6.0% for the rest. Associated variables in the multivariate model included greater weight loss, male gender, higher education level, multiparity, and cesarean delivery. The model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84 (sensitivity = 77.6%; specificity = 73.2%). Similar values were obtained in the bootstrapping validation. The lowest percentage weight loss was 4.77%, for cesarean delivery in male infants of mothers with a higher education level. Conclusions: The weight loss percentage values depended on the type of delivery, parity, newborn gender, and level of maternal education. External studies are required to validate these values.

RESUMO Objetivo: A literatura indica um único ponto de corte universal na perda de peso após o nascimento para risco de hipernatremia, sem considerar outros fatores. Nosso objetivo foi criar e validar internamente pontos de corte para o percentual de perda de peso associado ao risco de hipernatremia considerando fatores de risco. Métodos: Foi feito um estudo prospectivo que incluiu 165 neonatos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas, acompanhados por três dias. A principal variável de resultado foi hipernatremia leve ou moderada (sódio sérico ≥ 145 mmol/L). As variáveis secundárias (fatores de risco) foram variáveis maternas e dos neonatos. Um modelo multivariado de regressão logística foi criado para diagnosticar hipernatremia, obteve sua probabilidade e o ponto de corte discriminativo ideal para hipernatremia (análise da Característica de Operação do Receptor). Com base nesse ponto, obtivemos então os valores limites de perda de peso de acordo com as outras variáveis. Esses valores foram internamente validados por. Resultados: Há 51 casos (30,9%) de hipernatremia. O percentual de perda de peso para neonatos hipernatrêmicos foi 8,6% e 6,0% para o restante. As variáveis associadas no modelo multivariado incluíram maior perda de peso, sexo masculino, maior nível de escolaridade, multiparidade e cesárea. O modelo apresentou uma área sob a curva da Característica de Operação do Receptor de 0,84 (sensibilidade = 77,6%; especificidade = 73,2%). Valores semelhantes foram obtidos na validação da bootstrapping. O menor percentual de perda de peso foi 4,77% para cesárea em neonatos do sexo masculino de mães com maior nível de escolaridade. Conclusões: Os valores percentuais de perda de peso dependem do tipo de parto, paridade, sexo do recém-nascido e nível de escolaridade materna. São necessários estudos externos para validar esses valores.

Hypernatremia among in-patients in intensive care unit and medical wards of a general hospital in Kuwait

To determine the incidence and etiology of hypernatremia in adult patients admitted to a general hospital in Kuwait. A hospital based retrospective study carried out between July 2009 and December 2009. Intensive Care Unit [ICU] and Medical inpatient wards, Department of Medicine, Al-Jahra Hospital, Kuwait. Ninety-two hypernatremia patients [41 male and 51 female] out of a total of 1825 patients were analyzed and their etiology studied. All blood samples were analyzed in biochemistry department on LX20 machine. Information regarding age, gender, highest serum sodium levels, clinical diagnoses and further clinical information suggesting causes of hypernatremia was gathered. Frequency, etiology, outcome and management of hypernatremia in adult inpatients. Out of a total of 1825 patients analyzed, 5.04% were diagnosed with hypernatremia with mean serum sodium of 150.9 mmol/l. Among major causes of hypernatremia were hyperglycemia [21.7%], IV fluids [21.7%] and dehydration [17.4%]. The overall incidence of hypernatremia in this hospital was 5.04%. Hyperglycemia and IV fluid administration were the commonest causes [21.7% each]. All patients were treated based on the treatment recommendations mentioned in the discussion. There were no cases with cerebral edema due to the treatment. However two patients with severe hypernatremia and sodium level of >/= 165 mmol/l, who had central diabetes insipidus [CDI] secondary to traumatic head injury, died in spite of the appropriate management of hypernatremia

Unexpected Fatal Hypernatremia after Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with Therapeutic Hypothermia: A Case Report

Central diabetes insipidus (DI), characterized by unexpected fatal hypernatremia, is a rare complication after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation with therapeutic hypothermia, but may be potentially fatal if recognition is delayed. We describe here a patient who experienced cardiac arrest due to a pulmonary embolism, followed by successful resuscitation after induction of therapeutic hypothermia. The patient, however, suddenly developed unexpected hypernatremia with increased urine output and was diagnosed with central DI as a complication of cerebral edema, and eventually died. Our findings suggest that central DI should be considered as a possible complication following unexpected hypernatremia with increased urine output during therapeutic hypothermia and that desmopressin acetate should be used to treat central DI.

Acute salt poisoning due to different oral rehydration solution (ORS) packet sizes.

The packing and composition of ORS has undergone a change since its introduction. In India, some companies are manufacturing smaller pouches (4.2 g) to be dissolved in 200 ml of water. Therefore, out of confusion some prescribers routinely advise the patients to dissolve the standard formulation ORS pouch (21 g) in a glass (200 ml) of water. Two cases are discussed. First patient developed salt poisoning due to improper dilution and recovered after rapid correction. In the second patient improper reconstitution led to hypernatremia and death.

Severe rhabdomyolysis due to adipsic hypernatremia after craniopharyngioma surgery

The association of diabetes insipidus and adipsia after craniopharyngioma surgery has high morbidity. Hypernatremia can be caused by adipsia and be aggravated by diabetes insipidus. Rhabdomyolysis rarely occurs. DASE REPORT: This is the first report of a diabetic patient with craniopharyngioma who developed diabetes insipidus and adipsia after surgery, evolving with severe hypernatremia that caused considerable rhabdomyolysis. CONCLUSION: The importance of the evaluation of muscle integrity when under hypernatremic states is pointed out. Although adipsia may have a simple solution through volunteer water ingestion, serious consequences such as repeated severe hypernatremia episodes and intense rhabdomyolysis with high morbidity could occur, if adipsia is not diagnosed.

A associação de diabetes insipidus e adipsia após cirurgia de craniofaringioma implica em alta morbidade. Hipernatremia pode desenvolver-se devido a adipsia e ser agravada por diabetes insipidus. Rabdomiólise raramente ocorre. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Esta é a primeira descrição de paciente diabético com craniofaringioma que desenvolveu diabetes insipidus e adipsia após a cirurgia, evoluindo com hipernatremia grave e conseqüente rabdomiólise maciça. CONCLUSÃO: Ressalta-se a necessidade de avaliar a integridade muscular na vigência de estados hipernatrêmicos. Apesar de apresentar solução simples, como ingestão voluntária de água, pode haver sérias conseqüências se o diagnóstico de adipsia não é realizado, como episódios repetidos de hipernatremia grave com rabdomiólise intensa e elevada morbidade.

Risk factors for excess weight loss and hypernatremia in exclusively breast-fed infants

Data were prospectively obtained from exclusively breast-fed healthy term neonates at birth and from healthy mothers with no obstetric complication to determine risk factors for excess weight loss and hypernatremia in exclusively breast-fed infants. Thirty-four neonates with a weight loss > or = 10 percent were diagnosed between April 2001 and January 2005. Six of 18 infants who were eligible for the study had hypernatremia. Breast conditions associated with breast-feeding difficulties (P < 0.05), primiparity (P < 0.005), less than four stools (P < 0.001), pink diaper (P < 0.001), delay at initiation of first breast giving (P < 0.01), birth by cesarean section (P < 0.05), extra heater usage (P < 0.005), extra heater usage among mothers who had appropriate conditions associated with breast-feeding (P < 0.001), mean weight loss in neonates with pink diaper (P < 0.05), mean uric acid concentration in neonates with pink diaper (P < 0.0001), fever in hypernatremic neonates (P < 0.02), and the correlation of weight loss with both serum sodium and uric acid concentrations (P < 0.02) were determined. Excessive weight loss occurs in exclusively breast-fed infants and can be complicated by hypernatremia and other morbidities. Prompt initiation of breast-feeding after delivery and prompt intervention if problems occur with breast-feeding, in particular poor breast attachment, breast engorgement, delayed breast milk "coming in", and nipple problems will help promote successful breast-feeding. Careful follow-up of breast-feeding dyads after discharge from hospital, especially regarding infant weight, is important to help detect inadequate breast-feeding. Environmental factors such as heaters may exacerbate infant dehydration.

Hypodipsic hypernatremia with intact AVP response to non-osmotic stimuli induced by hypothalamic tumor: A case report

Anatomical lesions of hypothalamic area associated with hypodipsic hypernatremia have been reported only rarely. We report here a case of hypodipsic hypernatremia induced by a hypothalamic lesion. A 25-yr-old man, who had been treated with radiation for hypothalamic tumor 5-yr before, was admitted for evaluation of hypernatremia and hypokalemia. He never felt thirst despite the elevated plasma osmolality and usually refused to drink intentionally. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) level was normal despite the severe hypernatremic hyperosmolar state and urine was not properly concentrated, while AVP secretion was rapidly induced by water deprivation and urine osmolality also progressively increased to the near maximum concentration range. All of these findings were consistent with an isolated defect in osmoregulation of thirst, which was considered as the cause of chronic hypernatremia in the patient without an absolute deficiency in AVP secretion. Hypokalemia could be induced by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a result of volume depletion. However, inappropriately low values of plasma aldosterone levels despite high plasma renin activity could not induce symptomatic hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. The relatively low serum aldosterone levels compared with high plasma renin activity might result from hypernatremia. Hypernatremia and hypokalemia were gradually corrected by intentional water intake only.

Distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos / Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Objetivo: Rever os principais conceitos relativos aos distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos em pediatria, enfatizando em especial os aspectos relacionados ao diagnóstico e tratamento. Método: Revisão da literatura, através da pesquisa em livros texto clássicos de referência, bem como através de busca ativa em base de dados de periódicos, como o Medline, o Lilacs e outras fontes. Resultados: Os distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos constituem-se em eventos extremamente comuns na prática médica pediátrica, principalmente em situações de emergência, quando, dependendo da magnitude, podem representar risco de vida ou de seqüelas para o paciente. A desidratação, independentemente da etiologia, tem sua importância definida pela intensidade das perdas líquidas (1§, 2§ e 3§ graus) e pela proporção de perdas salinas em relação à perda de água (isotônica, hipotônica e hipertônica), devendo ser corretamente caracterizada, de modo a orientar um tratamento adequado. Os distúrbios do sódio caracterizam-se, principalmente, pelo risco do comprometimento do sistema nervoso central, e os distúrbios do potássio, pelo risco de arritmias cardíacas, merecendo sempre atenção especial e tratamento cuidadoso. Já os distúrbios do cálcio, magnésio e fósforo estão mais relacionados ao comprometimento da função neuromuscular e, embora menos ameaçadores, precisam ser adequadamente reconhecidos e tratados. Conclusões: O conhecimento dos diversos mecanismos envolvidos no metabolismo da água e dos eletrólitos é fundamental para a correta compreensão, diagnóstico e abordagem dos distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos em pediatria

Acute spinal cord and head injury: case report and discussion of cardiac, respiratory and endocrine abnormalities

We report a male patient who after a fall suffered high cervical spinal cord and head (cerebral) injuries. These injuries led to spinal shock, marked sinus bradycardia and asystolic cardiac and respiratory arrests, recalcitrant central traumatic diabetes insipidus, and death within approximately seven weeks. Temporary transvenous cardiac pacing proved useful in the management of this patient

Valoración del sodio plasmático en resección transuretral de próstata / Plasmatic sodium meassurement in prostatic transurethral resection

Las complicaciones que se presentan durante la resección transuretral de próstata se deben a la utilización de líquidos de irrigación, los cuales se absorben y pueden ocasionar una hiponatremia dilucional. por tal motivo, se estudiaron dos grupos de pacientes sometidos a resección transuretral. El primer grupo, integrado por 34 pacientes, no presentaron manifestaciones clínicas de hiponatremia durante la resección transuretral, al medir el sodio plasmático durante el pre y postoperatorio. En el segundo se estudiaron 33 pacientes, los cuales presentaron datos de hiponatremia al medir el sodio pre, trans y postoperatorio. Se encontró que hay hiponatremia dilucional cuando los pacientes presentan las manifestaciones clínicas (p< 0.01) y ésta se corrige al administrar bicarbonato de sodio (p < 0.04). Sin embargo, una hora después de aplicar el medicamento, los niveles de sodio no fueron los óptimos, por lo que en algunos casos es necesaria la administración de una segunda dosis de bicarbonato de sodio. También se encontró hiperkalemia con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0.005)

Distúrbios do equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e insuficiência renal aguda / Hydroelectrolytic disturbances and acute renal insufficiency

Nesta revisäo säo apresentadas as bases fisiopatológicas e as condutas terapêuticas dos distúrbios do equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e da insuficiência renal aguda. Säo discutidos os desequilíbrios dos íons sódio, potássio e cálcio, a necrose tubular aguda e a azotemia pré-renal

Mortalidad asociada a hipo e hipernatremia en UCI / Mortality associated to hypo and hypernatremia in ICU

La hiponatremia y la hipernatremia son trastornos metabólicos frecuentes, de mayor incidencia en los pacientes más graves. En este estudio, en un total de 786 pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) del Hospital G. Fricke, durante un período de 27 meses, se encontró 22 sujetos con hiponatremia severa (2,8%) y 55 con hipernatremia (7%). Se analizaron las características de 74 pacientes con alteraciones de la natremia, principalmente orientadas hacia sus complicaciones y mortalidad. Los trastornos ocurrieron fundamentalmente en el hospital, siendo la hiponatremia más frecuente en las salas de cuidados convencionales y la hipernatremia más frecuente en la UCI. Dos tercios de los enfermos cursó con compromiso de conciencia. La hiponatremia se asoció la mayoría de las veces a un volumen extracelular normal y la hipernatremia, al aporte de sodio excesivo. Ambos compromisos de la natremia se relacionaron con fallas orgánicas importantes, siendo la insuficiencia respiratoria y la trombocitopenia más comunes en la hipernatremia. La mortalidad encontrada en los enfermos con hiponatremia (50%) y con hipernatremia (73%) fue significativamente mayor a la observada en aquéllos sin trastornos de la natremia en la UCI (22,5%), siendo mayor en la hipernatremia. Se concluye que, tanto la hiponatremia como la hipernatremia representan un elemento de gravedad en el pronóstico de los pacientes internados en la UCI